印度的和谐秘诀——种姓制度（下)
Varna and caste system
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19th-century Englishman who painted the Rajput: Rajput is the real ruler of Bengal region, but they are not Kshatriya, but mostly Muslims. Although Varna to provide a solid explanation of the framework, however, the caste system in practice is often far from their structure. To 1901 census, for example, Madras Province (English: Madras Presidency) does not belong to any caste Kshatriya, Vaishya Zhe Yi is very rare. Most of the Shudra caste concentrated in the category, together accounted for more than half of the local population, in other words, the local community mainly by the Brahmins, Sudras and untouchables composition; in Bengal (English: Bengal Presidency), soldiers and rulers for the Rajputs (English: Rajput) as which, however, is not a real Kshatriya caste
On the other hand, Varna class, although the regulation of various things, but in real life is not necessarily based on the implementation of these norms, such as the Brahman should be enjoyed many privileges, and with a common rule of all Kshatriya, but in history, most fall into the political power other than the hands of Brahmin caste, Brahmin only a symbolic cleansing of their admired by the general public. At the same time, apart from Brahmins and untouchables, these two extremes, the other between the Varna caste society, in reality there is no clear-cut class relations, most of the cases is the caste have the power to each other in a vague division of labor and relations, but also often associated with Varna and class contradictions. So, Varna response to the class how much authenticity, its caste system and the reality of the relationship between what has become the focus of many related researchers to explore. www.6park.com
Some early scholars, such as anthropologists 亚瑟莫里斯 Hou Carter (in English: Arthur Maurice Hocart), that the theory can only explain the Varna caste system in ancient India, the situation does not apply to modern times. Indian scientist Edward Washburn Hopkins of this (in English: Edward Washburn Hopkins) and the sociologist Oliver Cromwell Cox (English: Oliver Cox) is according to the myth of ancient India, and advocated The ancient Brahmins and the Kshatriya compete with each other between the kinds of tensions between the highest positions of power, so the class reflects the Brahman Varna would like to attempt to seize political power. www.6park.com
Dumont, however, represented more recent scholars put forward a different interpretation. They believe that the original Brahmin and Kshatriya is the relationship between the kinds of division of labor, but also with the Brahmin and Kshatriya are no substitute for the sacred nature of the order both [14], but their division of labor relations is self-contradictory: while in the religious status, the Brahmins consider themselves to be higher than the Kshatriya, but the real political power but by the Kshatriya control, in which case result in a breach part of the "clean" standards (such as meat or the multi-wife marriages) and Kshatriya In the Brahmin caste status in vegetarians than businessmen or priest, this result Quefei be acceptable to the royal family in power, so the class claimed that two Varna Varna share "rule, the power of all living beings," but Brahman has this right " awarded the "Kshatriya, do not ask the actual conduct of public affairs, Kshatriya is" not "meddle Brahmin religious authority, and to take" protection "and" support "the Brahmin's duty to enable them to feel at ease to carry out duties priest. Under such a discussion, Varna skillfully theory and real life to resolve the contradiction between, to establish a "secular," but they are dependent relationship. www.6park.com
Moreover, this functionality makes the division even if the original Kshatriya gone, the new ruler was able to power the future according to this exposition of the role of imitation of the original belongs to Kshatriya, to interact with the Brahmin. In other words, Varna is a structure of power relations, so that does not contravene the Brahmin and the rulers under the principle of clean and unclean, in these circumstances be able to cooperate with each other at the same time maintaining Brahmin supremacy. In addition, in British India period, due to the caste system was included in the household registration of the project, part of the caste would be by the time the census may, by claims that its Varna lift their caste status. Therefore, Varna class actually provides a blueprint for a variety of names to imagine the "ideal society" should work. www.6park.com
The mode of operation
if the core concept of the caste system is clean and unclean, caste is showing the actual operation of the "collective nature" and "rank order" feature. These characteristics mean that is not a rigid caste system, but of great tolerance and flexibility of the social system. www.6park.com
Contact with food taboos
of political power
because of the caste system and the region closely and have a clear region-wide [15], so the size of political power, Ke Yi area is divided into three levels: local or regional administrative center of a small kingdom, through villages as well as in other settlements within the caste. The three-level high and low power operation, though divided, but also varies greatly, but their common feature is the power of the purposes of those who are in sequence in order to imitate the Kshatriya Varna, and will be declared the legitimacy and effectiveness of its powers, even if it had not necessarily so. The caste system in Nepal and India, different: the Brahmin and Kshatriya far longer than the Sudras, is India's Brahmin intentional results. www.6park.com
Kingdom and the local government
settlement
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in modern India, often imagine that rural areas there is a "village community" tradition of democratic self-government exists, and that it is through the "village Panca Astra" (Gram panchayat) forms to display. Caste domination www.6park.com
Settlement caste
British colonial officials in India Yasehengli Brent Edward (Sir Edward Arthur Henry Blunt), who himself was under the 1911 United Provinces (English: United Provinces of Agra and Oudh) under the auspices of caste survey, pointed out that all autonomous status within the caste can be divided into three types: www.6park.com
No Panca Astra caste: belongs to family of high-caste are usually recycled directly from the general public comments (which may be more than rumors of complaints may be) make a decision.
Non-permanent Panca Astra caste: these castes will enable the parties (usually those who violate taboos) has been a serious hostility and exclusion of others are entitled to request to convene ad hoc Panca Astra practice, however, very few made such a request, in fact held Pan Qiaya special case of a natural very rare.
There is a permanent caste Astra Panca: Unlike the other two, there is a permanent caste Astra Panca Panca Astra with a normal organization, it has the ability to convene such a meeting on a regular basis. In general, this type of caste mostly belong to specific caste or low caste occupations [16].
At this point, caste Panca Panca Astra Astra belongs to a kind of means for each settlement (or adjacent areas) to convene a single caste caste autonomy of the General Assembly, designed to deal with internal disputes within the caste (usually a moral and justice issues) and external joint action. In general, only in "a permanent caste Panca Astra" will have a normal form of Panca Astra preparatory body, as well as to prepare for the convening of meetings, records and notify the parties and other affairs of the deacons. www.6park.com
Panca Astra (पंचायती) originally "five" in Italian, meaning that a small number of experts and local leaders convened a small meeting. The glossary can be a variety of local community, the Pan-autonomous organizations, such regular mass meeting of its small committee within the organization led all of which consists mainly of the Assembly's process and come forward to resolve the dispute. Even so, few people caste Panca Astra Quefei system monopoly, but an authority constituted by a multi-organization, whose purpose is to safeguard the existence of caste within the habit and harmony, to promote members of our defensive responsibilities of the internal and external protection of all interests, it has become virtually self-governing institutions like caste. www.6park.com
In general, caste Panca Astra will come forward to investigate a variety of controversial cases, such cases are mostly related to religious and moral dimension, such as a total meal, marital problems (divorce, adultery or betrayal, etc.), trading and get rid of cattle and so on. In other words, a ruling caste Panca Astra largely independent of the official court disputes. Their trial or a coordinated manner, due to caste-specific, and some require a person to swear and acceptance of pre-trial test, all or some internal committee to adopt the General Assembly to vote, etc.. As for punishment, the caste Panca Astra to stop the party entitled to specific rights as a means, which includes a total of meals with others, stop, stop to enjoy some kind of service. The most severe punishment is prohibited between the parties with the other members of the caste, which is divided into temporary and permanent ban of the prohibition, the verdict. Such punishment is usually implemented in the "dirty" contacts of a person or thing, and this specification often involves a local caste status in society. Even if the caste Panca will punish some members of the Astra, but most of the situation, it seeks to mediate internal disputes, not to punish its members. www.6park.com
Foreign affairs, caste Panca Astra-led boycott of a particular caste or resistance, in order to sustain its own business interests. Sometimes this kind of transaction will be involved in dealings with other castes, such as certain bankers and pastry chef there is a dispute, resulting in pastry industry, to find the caste system, caste tile industry, the establishment of the agreement, to which the bankers refused to provide their repair room, tiles needed. www.6park.com
In order to establish its own authority, caste Panca Astra in the convening of the General Assembly, often quoted, "Panca Astra voice that is the voice of Brahma" or "the king is also caste caste" and other statements such as these in order to emphasize the organization itself the highest authority within the caste ( like the inside of the Kshatriya caste). In practice, however, caste Panca Astra often a lack of efficiency in the implementation and the high-caste support, these two points is its lack of response to the limitations of formal authority. www.6park.com
Division of
the caste system is a kind of religious-mediated division of labor system, which is hereditary, and employer-employee relationship is hereditary. This system interesting is: the same kind of work, if only their own home doing the occasional, then the professional then it is not polluting; the same kind of work in different areas, attitudes are different. For example, hairdressers, in southern India, as be responsible for the funeral of things, it is extremely dirty; but in northern India, because things do not responsible for the funeral of higher status. www.6park.com
Marriage
In addition to Brahmin caste can not be divorced and widows can not re-married, the general caste women are also accommodating to remarry, but her first marriage (first marriage) is the most earnest after the remarriage, but not too light can also be colorful history that if the husband passed away widows were expected to vote in the implementation of sati ritual fire Satie himself. While the high-caste woman may not marry a low caste, but on the other low-caste women were strongly encouraged to marry high-caste men to improve the caste status. www.6park.com
History,
the history of white Aryan invaders of India and north-west of the pass, one after another influx of Indian River middle reaches of the Punjab area, conquered the indigenous Dravidians. After centuries of military expansion, Aryans conquered the entire northern India gradually. In Nepal, Brahmins did an unusual thing: give the locals a higher caste, most of the princely states King (maharaja) has become a Kshatriya. Local people are not the main national Cass fixed belief, so often given the entire village Brahmin high caste people. www.6park.com
The caste system of contemporary
Indian Constitution Article 15 provides that: "No person shall because of caste, religion, place of birth not be discriminated against"; Article 17 expressly provides for the repeal the "no-touch system." In order to ensure that low-caste Dalits and the power of education and employment, India has also implemented a well-known "reservation policy", not only in parliament reserved for them at a certain percentage of seats, but in all government institutions and state-owned enterprises for them to retain their Up to 27% of the quota. In addition, the students returned to a low caste birth places in a certain proportion of their studies. Today, the identity of Indians no longer have any record of where the records on the caste. www.6park.com
Despite the independence from India, abolished the caste system, the Indian Constitution (in English: Constitution of India) expressly provides against class discrimination, but the caste system of today's Indian society, especially in rural India still retains a huge impact. The highest-ranking Brahmin caste less than 4% of the population, but occupy Qicheng judicial power, and nearly half of parliament seats. Even in natural disasters, the Dalits have suffered discrimination, lack the most basic assistance, as in August 2008, the Indian state of Bihar floods Alaria, however, as the untouchables because of the concentration of Alaria, the victims without any assistance of local governments, so that a large number of the victims died in flooding in these [17]. www.6park.com
Criticism,
whether in India or outside, there are many criticisms of the caste system [18]. Some of these criticisms came from Hindus, and some are not. www.6park.com
In the history of criticism of
the Buddha and the笩Geta friction there, two by the respected founder of Buddhism and Jainism, and perhaps opposed to any form of caste structure. Many devout sages sent during the campaign, such as Guru Nanak, Kabir (English: Kabir), mining Tan Ye (in English: Chaitanya Mahaprabhu), match the ancient Lunai Annie Shiva (English: Dnyaneshwar), Ake that Sri Lanka (English : Eknath), Rama Slave Buddhist monk (English: Ramanuja) and Dukalamu (English: Tukaram) refuse to accept all caste-based discrimination and to accept denominations from all castes. Many Hindu reformers such as Swami Vivekananda and the real Che Sai Baba (in English: Sathya Sai Baba) believe that the Hindu caste system, no shelter land. The 15th century sage Rama Nanda (English: Ramananda) also accepted all castes to become his followers, including the untouchables. The majority agreed that the Middle Ages, when the sage spirit of piety against caste faction campaign. Nanda that, a low-caste Hindu priests, but also refused to accept the spirit of caste and receive up to LTL [19]. A number of other low-caste Hindu also welcomed to be their followers, which was first sent a pious exercise. www.6park.com
Note
^ In addition to India, the caste system also kept in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka and other countries.
^ Encyclopedia Britanica, 1945 Ⅳ, SV, p976-86
^ See note 5, similar to the views found in many studies of the Indian anthropologist book (to be added)
^ Oxford English Dictionary, 2009 Nian 2 Yue 25 Ri access.
^ This argument see "Homo Hierarchicus" Introduction and first chapter.
^ See the official history of the Tang Dynasty of previous usage. "Shi Ji Hun Biography": "one country, one of the government still has. Father and brother died, then his wife his wife, the loss of caste is also evil." "Biographies of the Later Han upright officials": "Luo Yue of China has no wedding etiquette, The result of kinky is good, no suitable pairs of horses, did not know the nature of father and son, husband and wife of the Road, ... ... is a rain cis-year-old festival, Gu Jia-Feng Yan. its birth who Shizhi caste. "" North Country history attached to pass ":" The caste Zi Xiang Ju led the country with the Tu Su and attached, speech less Shu. not uniform, its people with no surname.
"^, after the introduction of Buddhism caste as" Varna "relieve persons, such as" Old Tang Xi Rong Chuan-Tianzhu Country ":" Only Fanzhi (ie, Brahman) that different caste Phi white stack. "as" race "or" clans "relieve persons, such as" Vimalakirti said, by ":" show the Buddha was born into the degrading caste, with various merit.
"^ Even at this time, caste is still a different meaning, such as Zhang Taiyan's" caste "theory, the caste as" race "was intended.
^ There are numerous examples related to, such as Sina news, well-known official and popular Chinese website posted the relevant content will obviously be confused with the caste system and the Varna.
^ It is difficult to quantify the official statistics to be assessed, in this column only appeared on Chinese Internet case [1] [2] [3]. If you read carefully, you can find such reports may not be the actual reference to the harm caused by the caste system, but deliberately reported the use of title and subject matter, language, preconceptions to the "caste system" and the unfortunate combination of, or too much emphasis on a particular caste (usually is the untouchables) and the tragic experience, resulting in "the caste system is the source of all the misfortunes and disasters," the stereotype, on the other hand, some reports will also be clear that the caste system and the Varna confused.
^ For example This is a few widely circulated news review [4] [5].
^ These two principles are based mainly on Louis Dumont's argument rewritten, this section also made reference to their claim collated (see "Homo Hierarchicus Ⅰ" ,112-133 pages).
^ This privilege derived from the regeneration group 6 Utilitarianism, namely, "Manu," recorded in the "teach people to learn and self-learning is often of sacrifice and self-sacrifice, giving and." It's for six Utilitarian Regeneration in the group three Varna co-owned, but only three of them Utilitarian Brahman can be implemented.
^ Dumont that the theory of kingship in ancient India, two tendencies: One is the traditional sacred kingship conferred by the saints, and the other one is by anti-Hindu who developed royalty agreement, the two discussed is actually co-exist with the mixing, Although the more the more more recent tendency to the latter. As for the Brahmins, originally was seen as the ground of God, and thus remain with the sacred.
^ A
^ in 1911 according to the records of the United Provinces 104 a permanent Panca Astra caste, there are 66 exclusively professional caste, 22 is a low caste.
^ Nothing of people of Indian wooden Shah
India's Caste system discriminates ^
^ shaivam.org
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