印度的和谐秘诀——种姓制度: "印度的和谐秘诀——种姓制度"
India's Harmony secret - the caste system in
Wikipedia www.6park.com
Caste system (Hindi: हिन्दू वर्ण व्यवस्था; English: Indian caste system) or for India Custer system is India and other South Asian region [1] the prevailing social system. Brahmin caste system to the center, divided into a number of occupational endogamy based groups, namely the caste. A variety of names according to area of residence is divided into a number of times to different castes, these sub-caste villages of residence in accordance with the internal re-divided into a number of villages of different castes, the caste of these villages and then into the last line of a different line of clan exogamy, so layers of tightly linked, integrated into a set of scattered throughout the Indian subcontinent and social systems. Therefore, the caste system covering the vast majority of Indian society groups, and with the Indian social system, the universe, religion, and interpersonal relations are closely related, can be said of traditional India's most important social institutions and norms.www.6park.com
In general, the caste system is considered the 20th century or so ago, with the Aryan invasion of India and the creation of the social system. However, with the Mamluk, Meng Wu Er Deng Islamic conqueror of alien rule in India, the caste system in order to power to go through many adjustments, and in British India during the need to comply with the colonists, was fixed, rigid, class-guarded system of the order of sequence. Since the system of inequality and the rise of modern Western ideas of democracy and human rights differ, it is often criticized as anti-modern and outdated system, and even seen as hindering the progress of Indian society, a malignant tumor. India in 1947 after independence from the colonial system, the legal status of the caste system was officially abolished all caste classification and discrimination is considered illegal, but the actual functioning of society and life, which continue to play a very important role. www.6park.com
Contents
1 semantic
1.1 "caste" in Chinese Semantic
two concepts
2.1 Clean and unclean
2.1.1 timeliness
2.1.2 complementarity
2.1.3 clean, dirty and the caste system
2.2 Varna
Varna 2.2.1-order sequence
2.2 .2 Varna and caste system,
3 the mode of operation
3.1 taboos and food contact
3.2 of political power
3.2.1 kingdom and the local government
3.2.2 Settlement
Settlement 3.2.3 caste
3.3 division of
3.4 marriages
4 History
5 of the caste system of contemporary
criticism 6
History 6.1 criticism on the
7 References
8 See also
9 Notes
10 External links www.6park.com
Semantic www.6park.com
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Goa's mercy of Jesus Cathedral (Basílica do Bom Jesus), inside the preservation of St Francis Xavier's possessions. With the Portuguese Jesuit missionary to India was among the first missionaries were aware that the caste system is one of the Westerners. "Caste" (caste, or translated into Custer) from the Latin word castus, the former as "pure" meaning, in Spanish and Portuguese will be used for castas, that is, "race" means, the same with the rules found in 16th century England, when the English would be cast as the same meaning. 15th century Portuguese strongholds in India, after the establishment of trade, first used the system on top of this word, "often used to refer to the various classes in India, the lowest cheap to people with high-class, the main differ" [2]. With the interest in the system in Western societies, the term gradually been widely used, also appeared to change the meaning. www.6park.com
In the United Kingdom and France, caste known as the caste, its not until the 18th century before being adopted and in the early 19th century evolved into a universal vocabulary. However, in the 19th century, the British often the "caste" and "tribal" confuse the two, and will confuse the system and the Varna, the cognitive with the British colonial India and the far-flung circulation. www.6park.com
In India, the corresponding vocabulary is Jāti
From the above we can see, "caste" (in this case caste) concepts mainly from the West rather than India, [3], so the terminology is often intended to contain reaction to Western culture on India's main views. Today, "caste" is not only a single reference to India's caste system, but rather refers to "a kind of in the community have a strict social divisions within the system" [4]. In other words, Western culture tend to stress the system, "isolation" and "unequal"-oriented, and, by extension, all kinds of negative views. Anthropologist Luyidumeng (English: Louis Dumont (anthropologist)) that such ethnocentric point of view mainly the result of modern individualism, which emphasized the spirit of freedom and equality, and traditional European aristocracy and the Church of these two classes the result of conflict with each other. [5] www.6park.com
"Caste" in Chinese semantic
"caste" was originally the term "clan" meaning [6], and later with the introduction of Buddhism in China, is sometimes used to refer to Varna was transferred to [7]. However, after the 19th century, Western Learning, "caste" became a "caste" of the Chinese translation of the [8]. Thus, in the Chinese world, the situation appears confused words: "caste" can either refer to the description in the Hindu classic "verna" (that is, Varna), is also used to operate in real-life referent "Jāti" (that is, caste system). The confusion is coupled with a lack of deep understanding of Indian society, resulting in frequent the "Varna" mistakenly believe that the actual situation of the caste system [9]. In order to avoid confusion in the above case, some scholars under the "caste" the pronunciation of a "Custer" This new translation, trying to replace the traditional use of "caste" word, however, still not using the degree and the latter generally. www.6park.com
On the other hand, by the western point of view, as well as modern Indian nationalism, the impact point of view, the community generally left to the rigid caste system, oppression and backwardness and other highly negative impression of [10], so "caste system" in everyday life is usually with a a negative meaning, sometimes described as a system implemented as inappropriate derogatory term [11]. www.6park.com
The concept of
the caste system is not an absolute social strata, but to use many different criteria set up a relatively-order sequence, these standards such as: Does a vegetarian, does the body get rid of cattle and whether access to these standards, and so ... behind ... the core concept is a "clean and unclean" values, but the values are subjected to real-life impact of power relations. To this end, the Brahmins of ancient India to develop a set known as the "Varna" category structure, as an explanation and simplify the way the whole system. Therefore, these two ways of thinking broadly constitute the main concepts of the caste system as a whole. www.6park.com
Clean and unclean
clean and unclean is the core concept of the caste system, the principles of its main two: One is the timeliness of a complementary nature [12]: www.6park.com
Timeliness of
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the people washing in the Ganges River shore: Hindu that the water washing dirty and evil, the Ganges river is the best possible washing effect, so the Indians often cross the Ganges bath, or wipe the body. Dirty can be divided into two kinds, namely, temporary and permanent dirty dirty. At this point, "unclean" mainly refers to a variety in life, be regarded as dangerous, but needs to be isolated to be affected by things or situations, such as blood, production and death and so on ...... . Under these circumstances, even with a slight contamination of contact are considered the "dirty" way of isolation need to be careful, or eliminate the unclean. www.6park.com
The so-called "dirty" is a complicated classification system, which one of the most central person with "Manu" regulated person of the 12 kinds of dirty things (such as faeces, saliva, etc.), birth and death as well as many sub-hands-off people and goods. In addition, among all kinds of shapes there is a comparative dirty relationship, such as gold than silver cleaner, silver cleaner than the bronze, bronze, brass cleaner than the above-mentioned ceramic clean off than these metals, which will affect the relationship between the comparative to the objects of the useful life and price. Similarly, when a person with "unclean" the extent and relevance of contact will also be involved in the length of their isolation, as well as in a temporary or permanent dirty dirty. To death of a loved, for example, when the situation occurs, the core of the family members were considered the most "unclean" and the longest period of mourning, do not live in a relative under the same roof is in accordance with the extent of dealings with the deceased to determine their " dirty, "the degree of mourning period, that is, close contacts with the deceased are required to mourning longer, and vice versa, the shorter. The same concept used to be sati widows, if they are menstruating when not in accordance with the provisions of sati, have to wait four days after the end of menstruation and the bath can be self-immolation of sati (known as Sati). These are examples of time-sensitive situations can show a temporary dirty, but dirty is usually temporary and have a direct or indirect way to resolve, such as water washing (shower or washing certain parts), remove hair, smear cattle 5 kinds of secretion. www.6park.com
However, if regular contact with "unclean" things, such as washing special maternity clothes for the deceased or the burial of the dead, in which case it is a permanent unclean. In other words, to reach out to "dirty" things as a business person or group can not get rid of "dirty" state, so they and their loved ones must be a long time isolated from most people outside to prevent contamination to other people. So, they will become "no touch" the untouchables, other non-Dalit caste need to avoid direct contact with, or even force them to move to villages outside, or they could risk of contamination. www.6park.com
Therefore, the timeliness can be seen on the confrontation between clean and unclean relationship: If you want to maintain their own clean, you must stay away from unclean. Clean and dirty bits in the highest and lowest values at both ends of each mutually exclusive and incompatible. www.6park.com
Complementarity
complementarity related primarily to Brahman, which is based on the clean build is to meet the needs of Brahmin and the resulting dirty. As the core of the caste system, Brahmins must maintain a high level of cleanliness in order to maintain their sacred place, and thus with the historical development of Brahman ritual to create a number of provisions to maintain their own clean, but the implementation of the provisions of these ceremonies with the help of others if there is no and how many will be contaminated by unclean and in a non-touch state, it extended out a variety of matters dealing with unclean castes, the existence of these unclean caste Brahmin also guaranteed clean. In other words, clean and filthy, Brahmins and Dalits, the two complement each other, are indispensable. For example, dead cattle, in particular, have been slaughtered cattle were seen as unclean, but the ceremony will inevitably need to be made of cowhide drums and contact with these unclean things of the players, many parts of the production of leather or perform musical instruments for the industry, untouchable castes, but their work is closely related with the sacred rituals, and even have to play a deacon role. www.6park.com
Clean and dirty with the caste system
is because the concept of clean and unclean in the composition both antagonistic and complementary relations, and therefore a caste to establish their status, must be based on several criteria as a reference, such as members of a caste may say that "Because we are vegetarians, so higher levels than Xin, Wang, Kuei-caste; but we allow a widow to remarry, so rating is below A, B, C and caste." As the caste members are inevitable within the same time to comply with the violation of a These clean standard, so you can clean and unclean by all derived from the de facto standard for all castes into two, the last of these standards come together, they constitute a set of descending the "clean - unclean "caste-order sequence. www.6park.com
Although the concept of clean and unclean in the Indian society has its importance, but in real life has not been reflected in the power relations outside the set of values, so this order the principles of the ideal may not be in the order of the actual social class. Even so, the concept of clean and unclean was to provide a clear outline, so that the members of each caste in the social understanding of their caste status and relationship with other castes.www.6park.com
Varna
Main article: Varna
Varna (वर्ण) is the Hindu caste system explained in the classic category structure, its meaning mainly seen in the "Manu" and "Gautama (English: Gotama)" and other classics of early Brahmanism. Varna intention is "color" or "class", in which the theory mainly refers to four different classes, the scriptures are four classes according to some principle of distinction, and clearly defined obligations and rights of each other, but the real society, caste is not a the normative basis of the theory division of Varna and therefore can not equate the caste system.www.6park.com
Even so, Val was still being used in the modern theory of the actual society that in many caste discussion of means to uplift their status, it still has its own interpretation of the effectiveness and legitimacy. www.6park.com
Varna-order sequence
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of the classics written by the early Brahmins Dalits are not deliberately neglect to mention all the Caste claim is divided into four kinds of Varna. The four Varna use the same Brahmin led by the division of functions and rights norms constitute a strict order of sequence: www.6park.com
Brahmins (ब्राह्मणः): the highest, etc. Varna is also the core of the entire class order. Brahman being the priest, according to "Manu," provides that a professor can engage in the Vedas, priests and acceptance of dedication these three work, but in the eight century priest gradually been taken seriously, clean will be replaced by the former, as the main Brahmin特征. In addition, the Brahmins enjoyed many privileges, such as can not be punished, do not pay taxes can not be killed, they could claim back part of the confiscation of Lost Property and so on.
Kshatriya (क्षत्र): second-class Varna, "Brahmana" saying that it is shared with the Brahman, "the jurisdiction of all biological" right. Kshatriya is a warrior and ruler, to keep abreast of political and military power, but was excluded from the process of the complete priest outside, it does not have the religious authority. In addition, its responsibility to protect Brahmin duty.
Vaishya (वैश्य): third, etc. Varna. Vaishya is a farmer or a shepherd, the task is the production of food, and provide a variety of offerings. "Gautama" provisions of caste may be involved in farming, business, animal husbandry and lending work.
Sudras (शूद्र): the lowest grade, Varna. Sudras are not slaves of personal freedom, is responsible for providing various services.
Text scientist Georges Megill (English: Georges Dumézil) that the composition of the order of Varna sequence is not actually ordered from top to bottom, but by a series of two sub-principles of composition: first, Sudras are excluded, The other three Varna constitute a group, the Renewable family (twice-born, able to hold the coming-Varna); regeneration group excluded caste from Brahmin and Kshatriya constitute possession "rule all creatures of power" a group of ; and finally to exclude Kshatriya Brahmin alone have three kinds of privileges, namely, to teach the Vedas, priests and acceptance of contributions [13]. Dumont accordance with these principles further added that the Varna-order sequence deliberately intended to exclude Dalits like the above two sub-principles. www.6park.com
Based on the above explanation, we can understand that Varna is actually a set of classification system, rather than the substantive content of normative framework. Varna can be learned through the early Brahmin caste system are the ideal, but it can not really understand the actual operation of the caste system in the case.
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